Poland

Overview

Poland is undergoing a demographic transformation marked by declining population, low fertility rates, and an aging society. Since joining the EU in 2004, it has seen significant youth emigration and, more recently, become a key host for Ukrainian refugees following the 2022 invasion. Tensions at the Belarus border have also created humanitarian challenges.

Country Facts

• Estimated Population: 37.6 million (2025)
• Fertility Rate: 1.16 (2023)

Crisis

Poland’s foremost humanitarian role has been hosting nearly 1.5 million Ukrainian refugees since February 2022, offering temporary protection, housing, and public services. Simultaneously, Belarusian authorities have pushed migrants from the Middle East and Africa toward the EU border, leading to tense conditions, pushbacks, and human rights concerns in eastern border regions.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Why is Poland’s population projected to decline?
Low birth rates, significant youth emigration, and an aging populace drive a projected 15% population decrease by 2050.

How has Poland responded to the Ukrainian refugee crisis?
Poland has provided shelter, legal protection, healthcare, and education to nearly 1.5 million Ukrainians, one of the most generous responses in the EU.

What is happening at Poland’s border with Belarus?
Politically driven migration crises have seen migrants coerced into EU territory; Poland’s response includes border fencing and increased security amid ongoing human rights concerns.

What challenges do migrants and asylum seekers face in Poland?
Poor conditions at the border, overcrowded facilities, legal pushbacks, and limited access to aid and services hinder migrant protection.

What are Poland’s long-term demographic concerns?
An aging society and shrinking workforce pressure healthcare, pensions, and labor markets, exacerbating regional disparities and inequality.